Plain language should not mean unsourced language. This library prioritizes public agencies, national laboratories, standards organizations, universities, and other sources readers can inspect directly.
The 2025 update builds on LBNL's national data-center energy modeling and provides updated U.S. electricity-use scenarios.
2025 U.S. Data Center Energy Usage Update →A comprehensive assessment of U.S. data-center electricity and water consumption, technology, and near-term demand scenarios.
2024 U.S. Data Center Energy Usage Report →EIA publishes public electricity data and analysis on rapidly growing computing loads and their effects on regional demand.
EIA Today in Energy →ENERGY STAR explains data-center energy performance, PUE, IT efficiency, power infrastructure, and operational efficiency practices.
ENERGY STAR Data Centers →DOE provides best-practice guidance for energy-efficient data-center design, cooling, electrical systems, and federal facilities.
DOE Data Center Energy Efficiency →FEMP explains how cooling towers, heat load, cycles of concentration, and cooling-system efficiency affect water consumption.
Cooling Water Efficiency Opportunities →LBNL's data-center program covers energy, water, cooling, load flexibility, and sector-wide modeling.
Center of Expertise for Data Center Energy →Research program focused on advanced cooling, secondary loops, primary heat rejection, and high-performance data-center cooling systems.
COOLERCHIPS Program →Public guidance and reports on artificial intelligence, teaching, learning, policy, and responsible use in education.
Artificial Intelligence Guidance →IES publishes education research and evidence resources relevant to technology, instruction, student support, and evaluation.
Institute of Education Sciences →Useful for explaining typical technologies, national trends, definitions, and ranges.
Utility tariffs, grid studies, water conditions, state rules, and regional markets determine many local effects.
The strongest basis for a local decision: actual design drawings, utility studies, cooling details, permits, commitments, and operating limits.